![]() For example, a belief in dragons, however sincere, does not mean reality contains any dragons. Epistemology: reason According to Rand, attaining knowledge beyond what is given in perception requires both (or the exercise of ) and adherence to a specific method of validation through observation, concept-formation, and the application of. ![]() As with the other axioms, an implicit understanding of causation is derived from one's primary observations of causal connections among entities even before it is verbally identified, and serves as the basis of further knowledge. The way entities act is caused by the specific nature (or 'identity') of those entities if they were different they would act differently. Objectivist philosophy derives its explanations of action and from the axiom of identity, calling causation 'the law of identity applied to action.' According to Rand, it is entities that act, and every action is the action of an. ![]() Any other approach Rand termed 'the primacy of consciousness', including any variant of metaphysical subjectivism or theism. ![]()
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